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À l’automne 1936, Claudio Sánchez Albornoz considère qu’il n’a plus rien à faire à Lisbonne, où il représentait jusque-là la république espagnole, mais il répugne à prendre part aux combats fratricides de la guerre civile. Où aller ? Pourquoi pas à Bordeaux, où l’université l’avait reçu comme docteur honoris causa ? « Affaire entendue », lui téléphone Georges Cirot, doyen de la faculté des lettres. Don Claudio reprend ainsi son travail de professeur jusqu’à l’arrivée des Allemands. C’est à Bordeaux, entre 1937 et 1940, qu'il a écrit ses Origines de la féodalité, trois volumes qu’une autre université d’accueil, celle de Mendoza (Argentine), publie en 1942. S’associant à l’hommage que la communauté scientifique lui rend à l’occasion du centième anniversaire de sa naissance, historiens français et espagnols se sont rencontrés sur la voie ouverte par Sánchez Albornoz, et il était naturel que cette manifestation se tînt à Bordeaux et prît la forme d’un colloque précisément consacré à la féodalité. Cet hommage n’est pas de complaisance. Sur bien des points essentiels — le « désert » de la vallée du Duero, la Castille, « îlot d’hommes libres dans une Europe soumise au servage », la formation des seigneuries, etc. —, les intervenants s’éloignent, parfois considérablement, des thèses naguère soutenues par don Claudio. Ces intervenants n’en sont que plus à l’aise pour reconnaître en Sánchez Albornoz leur maître et l’un des plus grands historiens qu’ait connus l’Espagne. Otoño 1936. El profesor Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, que rechaza tomar parte en los combates que desgarran su patria, acepta la invitación de Georges Cirot, decano de la facultad de letras de Burdeos. Es en Burdeos donde, hasta la llegada de las tropas alemanas en junio de 1940, enseña historia de la Edad Media y redacta lo esencial de su Origines de la féodalité, que aparecerá en Mendoza (Argentina) en 1942. Con ocasión del centenario de su nacimiento, la comunidad científica ha deseado rendir homenaje a…

Feudalism --- Feudal tenure --- Civilization, Medieval --- Land tenure --- Land use --- Land use, Rural --- Chivalry --- Estates (Social orders) --- Feudalism - Congresses. --- Moyen-âge --- féodalité

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This book addresses current societal debates around the globe. Written by respected researchers from France, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Portugal and Italy, the chapters are based on presentations given at a conference organized by the European Academy of Sciences, in partnership with the Royal Academy of Belgium and French Academy of Sciences, in Brussels (Belgium) in November 2016.  The book approaches science and society from a perspective of progress. Does progress in science ultimately translate into progress in society? How can we ensure that scientific progress becomes both materially and intellectually beneficial for society, including people who are far away from or socially excluded from it? Progress is a common feature of science and of human societies. There is no doubt that one of the driving forces of the material and intellectual progress of mankind has been science and technology. However, these are not the only forces acting on human history, so that the role of science and technology is not always fully recognized and sometimes even rejected. The various chapters of this book cover many aspects of these issues, arriving at valuable new insights.

Science --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Social aspects. --- Chemistry. --- Agriculture. --- Chemistry/Food Science, general. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Physical sciences

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This book explores the economic, social and political forces that shaped the grain market in the Roman Empire. Examining studies on food supply and the grain market in pre-industrial Europe, it addresses questions of productivity, division of labour, market relations and market integration. The social and political aspects of the Roman grain market are also considered. Dr Erdkamp illustrates how entitlement to food in Roman society was dependent on relations with the emperor, his representatives and the landowning aristocracy, and local rulers controlling the towns and hinterlands. He assesses the response of the Roman authorities to weaknesses in the grain market and looks at the implications of the failure of local harvests. By examining the subject from a contemporary perspective, this book will appeal not only to historians of ancient economies, but to all concerned with the economy of grain markets, a subject which still resonates today.

Grain trade --- Céréales --- Rome --- History --- Commerce --- Histoire --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques --- Grain --- Marketing --- Agriculture --- Agriculture, Ancient --- Economic aspects --- Food supply --- History. --- Céréales --- Conditions économiques --- Produce trade --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Land use, Rural --- Arts and Humanities --- Grain - Rome - Marketing

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This collection presents new analyses of the nature and scale of Roman agriculture. It outlines the fundamental features of agricultural production through studying the documentary and archaeological evidence for the modes of land exploitation and the organisation, development of, and investment in this sector.

Agriculture --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Rome --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques --- 331.11 --- 338.722.0 --- AA / International- internationaal --- IT / Italy - Italië - Italie --- Geschiedenis van de landbouw. --- Landbouweconomie: algemeenheden. --- History --- Aspect économique --- Conditions économiques --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Economic conditions. --- E-books --- Geschiedenis van de landbouw --- Landbouweconomie: algemeenheden --- Agriculture - Economic aspects - Rome --- Rome - Economic conditions - 30 B.C.-476 A.D.

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Plant innate immunity is a potential surveillance system of plants and is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The immune system is a sleeping system in unstressed healthy plants and is activated on perception of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP; the pathogen’s signature) of invading pathogens. The PAMP alarm/danger signals are perceived by plant pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The plant immune system uses several second messengers to encode information generated by the PAMPs and deliver the information downstream of PRRs to proteins which decode/interpret signals and initiate defense gene expression. Activation of the ‘sleeping’ plant innate immune system by using different biotechnological tools would suppress the development of a wide range of plant pathogens in economically important crop plants. Enhancement of disease resistance through altered regulation of plant immunity signaling systems would be a durable and publicly acceptable technology in plant disease management. This book describes the most fascinating PAMP-PRR signaling complex and signal transduction systems. It also discusses the highly complex networks of signaling pathways involved in transmission of the signals to induce distinctly different defense-related genes to mount offence against different biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens.

Plant immunology. --- Molecular immunology. --- Immune system --- Immunity --- Immunology, Plant --- Molecular aspects --- Life sciences. --- Biotechnology. --- Agriculture. --- Microbiology. --- Plant pathology. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Immunology --- Plants --- Molecular biology --- Disease and pest resistance --- Plant diseases. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Botany --- Physiology --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Plant cellular signal transduction. --- Disease and pest resistance.